Mrs. Hamilton Free Essays

Gender and Development Gender-role development is one of the most important areas of human development. The moment a women finds out she is pregnant she is often anxious to find out the sex of her child. The definitions of the terms â€Å"sex† and â€Å"gender† need to be understood. We will write a custom essay sample on Mrs. Hamilton or any similar topic only for you Order Now The term â€Å"sex† denotes the actual physical makeup of individuals that define them as male or female. Sex is determined by genetic makeup, internal reproductive organs, the organization of the brain, and external genitalia. The behavior of individuals as males or females, the types of roles they assume, and their personality characteristics, may be just as important as a person’s biological framework. In order to differentiate between biological features one may take into consideration behaviors and social roles to establish â€Å"gender. † Sex and gender are often intertwined, and certain social expectations can be attributed to one’s biological sex. The sex of a newborn sets the agenda for a whole array of developmental experiences that will influence the person throughout his or her life. Overall, the sex differences between boys and girls in the first year of life are minimal. Boys may be a bit more active or fussier and girls more physically mature and less prone to physical problems, but that may be the extent of the significant differences. Mothers have a tendency to ignore more of their son’s emotional outbursts in comparison to their daughters’ outbursts. Boys may be rough-housed or played with in a more aggressive manor as well. This goes in line with stereotyping males as more hardy or tough and girls as gentle and soft. A parent can influence their child into these gender roles by the way they discipline. They may be harder on a boy than a girl for the exact same behavior. â€Å"Children see what their parents do. Children learn when they try to imitate their parents (Putnam, Myers-Walis; Love, p. 1). † For example, a boy may grow up seeing his father fix things around the house and his mother being the one who always cooks dinner. Parents may also assign specific chores to the children according to sex, thus reinforcing gender roles in their development. Another way a parent influences gender development is by what they say to their children. Making comments about girls do this or boys do that supports the gender stereotypes. Gender roles development is crucial around ages 2-6 years when children are becoming aware of their gender, where play styles and behaviors begin to crystallize around that core identify of â€Å"I am a girl† or â€Å"I am a boy. † Typically males have been thought to be more aggressive than males; however, in a study reported by the American Psychological Association, Inc. , reveals â€Å"our interpretation of these results emphasizes that aggression sex difference are a function of perceived consequences of aggression that are learned as aspects of gender roles and other social roles (Eagly; Steffen, 1986). How a parent teaches the child and role models aggression, play, chores, and toys may have more of a factor of gender roles than being biologically male or female. The areas of gender differences include brain development where there are fewer connections between hemispheres, right brain reliance on space/movement, single focus, sexual response, and emotional resp onse. Males hear less at higher decibels then females and tend to hear better in one ear than the other. Testosterone levels are different as well including a correlation between the amount of testosterone and higher energy and aggression, sex drive, and higher amounts throughout the teenaged years. â€Å"Male babies, on average, are born slightly longer and heavier than female babies. Newborn girls, on the other hand, have slightly more mature skeletons and are a bit more responsive to touch (Craig; Dunn, 2010, p. 188). † By age 2 ? , most children can readily distinguish between male and female, and accurately answer the question of whether they are a boy or a girl. Gender-role stereotypes are fixed ideas about appropriate male and female behavior (Craig; Dunn, 2010, p. 189). † Distinguishing between feminine and masculine appears to be shared in almost every culture, although cultures may differ in their definitions of what masculinity and femininity entail. Children’s concepts of gender depend in part on the child’s cognitive development. A 3-year-old boy might put on a dress and now believe he has turned into a girl, whereas a 5-year-old boy now may understand that his sex is not going to change, which is referred to as gender constancy (Craig; Dunn, 2010, p. 89). Developing gender identity is partly a result of models and rewards. Again, what a child sees and hears growing up about male and female appropriateness will shape their gender personality and roles for the future. In William Pollack’s book Real Boys, he talks about boys in America being in crisis and teen-aged girls losing their voice, mostly as a result of society’s stereotypes about girls and boys. Pollack talks about boys and men wearing masks of masculinity to hide their true inner feelings. Boys are being taught, at a young age, to be tough, act like a man, and if you display feelings you are considered weak or other assorted names given to men who show vulnerability. These stereotypes are limiting and are hindering the development of children. As a society, we push boys into grown-up roles faster than their female counterparts. Moms and dads on the whole begin pushing their boys away by less hugs and kisses at an earlier age than girls (Pollack, 1999). In a study done on drawings of grade-school aged children, there were vast differences in the subject matter the participants drew. Boys’ drawings contained a profusion of violence, of villainy, and of vehicles; girls’ drawings were full of benign animals, bugs and flowers. In the drawings, boys seem more influenced at this age by the media in drawings of superheroes, whereas the girls depicted more domestic-type scenes (McClure-Vollrath, 2006). During the feminist movement, there was a theme that men were â€Å"the problem† and women were â€Å"the oppressed. † By characterizing gender this way, development can fail to address effectively the issues of equity and empowerment that are crucial in bringing about positive change. Gender bias’s and roles are ultimately power relations (Cornwall, 1997, p. 8). Through the feminist movement, many people changed their ways of thinking surrounding men and women, but there is still room for re-thinking when it comes to boys. Boys get mixed messages, â€Å"to be manly but empathetic, cool but open, strong yet vulnerable. † Society has come a long way in liberating girls and women from the gender straightjacket. There is still room for improvement to break down the roles our boys are forced into by letting them own their feelings and communicating with them in a way that allows them to express their fears and distress. Gender identity normally develops in children by about age 3, when they most often are able to identify themselves as boys or girls. People with gender identity disorder or â€Å"gender dysphoria† can remember as early as age 5 as having feelings of being born in the wrong body or wanting to be the opposite of their biological bodies reveal. â€Å"Children who deviate from the socially prescribed behavioral norms for boy or girl children are quickly pushed back in line by parental figures. Behaviors, mannerisms, and play that appears to be gender nonconforming to a parent may feel perfectly normal to the child (Mallon; DeCrescenzo, 2006). Western society continues to reward parents for conforming their children into their gender roles by buying Barbie’s for girls and dump trucks for boys, even if they have asked for something different. Sexual orientation is different from, and not determined by, one’s gender identity. In most cases, the onset of gender identity disorder can be traced back to childhood. In an interview with a 46-year-old male who struggled with gender dysphoria all of his life, he reports as early as 5-years-old he was dressing up in women’s clothing and wished he did not have a penis. After years of therapy and insight into his disorder, he has been able to attribute his confusion to some things that were said in his home at an early age. He remembers his mother saying that she was convinced when he was in her womb that he was a girl, and she would often tell him that he should have been a girl. He remembers people telling him how â€Å"pretty† he was and that he would have made a beautiful girl. All of these things contributed to his confusion about his gender at a very young age. He never felt â€Å"attached† to his mother, and later he would find out that his mother would just let him lie in his crib and cry as an infant. He reported that his mother had his 1-year-old brother and 4-year-old sister to look after, and she was too busy to take care of a fussy baby. He said he spent most of his life trying to establish masculinity as society and family would see it, so that nobody would know the terror and confusion he lived with on a daily basis. Eventually, he would decide that his only way out would be suicide, he thought then the pain would finally end. God did not allow him to take his life and instead he found his value in Christ and was set free from his pain and found acceptance of who he was in Christ. He started going to therapy and completely turning his life around, living as a man, and finally finding gender acceptance rather than dysphoria (Robbins, 2011). Roles of home environment, peers, and teachers in the acquisition of gender difference in behavior and attitudes play a role in gender socialization (Lau, 1996). Gender role socialization according to a study done cross-culturally found that it could be narrowly defined by the type of sex-typed behaviors such as play activities and toys. In summary, gender identity is a learned behavior that starts at a very young age and can hinder or enhance a child’s development. Gender plays a role in how a person defines themselves and grows as a person depending on their safety and security in being male or female and what that means to them and what they are taught at a young age. Bottom line is that men and women are different, and as a society and as parents being a boy or girl does not meet we have to fit into a certain box, as people are unique in of themselves, and that is what we can enhance and nurture to develop. How to cite Mrs. Hamilton, Papers

Learning and Communicating Online for Standards- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLearning and Communicating Online for Standards. Answer: Credible source draw authenticity and reasoning in ones text. At the same time, credible sources allow for further reading and interpretation of text thus completing the essence of research. The use of credible sources in research is important as the audience receiving an assertion would always demand for a credible evidence of information provided ( Metzger, 2007) . Provision of credible sources assist learners to trace back information and dig for more related text during further research. Research involves the observation and examination of facts and literature from other peoples published work and analysis. The use of non-credible sources damages research work as information from any source might be mere allegation or personal observation which might be farther from the truth (Weaver, 2010) . Eventually, it leads to unsustainable research that cannot be proved anywhere thus cannot be used in obtaining marks in any institute of education. Moreover, it is important to use credible sources as ones task can be used for reference or as a backup in other subsequent studies. According to Braasch, Brten McCrudden, (2018), provision of non-existent sources would lead to automatic disqualification of data provided however true they may be. The use of non-credible sources results into bulk information full of fallacies and unjustified study findings. Finally, such information remains trash as it cannot be used by anyone else during research work due to lack of merit. On the other hand, academic writing and research involves accreditation and penalties in institutions of learning. Such penalties affect the general good will as information remains distorted and thus lack credibility in convincing other learners towards the findings in a research work. In remaining relevant and producing quality work, it is essential to stick to the use of credible sources that can be verified and used for further research by peer reviewers in a given field. Professional research calls for the use of credible sources as the information remains essential in problem solving. During problem solving, real information is used in handling a given fact or figures needed for practical aspects in different areas of an organization. The use of non-credible sources amounts to useless information that cannot be used to tackle issues at hand due to lack of merit and verifiability (VARDI, 2012). Research assists in a career development where one is expected to use the findings in developing aspects applicable to a career. Thus, opting to use credible sources amounts to a successful implementation of an idea in ones workplace. At the same time, the use of credible sources proves the ability of one to research and find solution that is justifiable. Using credible sources draws confidence not only to the researcher but also the audience expecting to receive the information and digest it for future use (Hewson Stewart, 2016). Persons are judged to be professional based on the way they undertake their work, and in this case a research at hand. Using the right sources draws the assumption of a straight forward and research oriented individual who carries in-depth research on a given matter. Professionals use research in finding real-time solutions for the day-to-day challenges in organization and the society. According to ("Reliable Research: How to Determine If a Source is Credible Accurate - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com," n.d.), the use of correct sources and accepted guidelines amounts to true information which remains relevant and applicable to a given problem. On the contrary, the use of non-verifiable sources amounts to personalized opinion and blogs which do not count in terms of peer reviewed articles or information which might result to plagiarism (Bundy, 2014) . As such, it fails to depict the true image of a situation as the facts expressed remain either a fallacy or personal opinion which differs from one to the other. In the comparison, I picked a journal article on the process of guiding early primary children in online learning methods on Wikipedia and another from a journal documenting the process of online learning and information search. The two sources differ immensely in the manner in which they present information and their backing or evidence of learning. The Wikipedia source remains inauthentic as it only lists the steps and benefits of doing so (Wikipedia, 2018). However, the peer reviewed journal focuses on experimental research where the literature on children handling in online learning is conducted and similarities between the two noted in the findings (Mukherji Albon, 2018). Further, it documents information and references from other like sources which makes the work authentic as opposed to the case of the former which relies on personal opinion. (Metzger, 2007) Moreover, Wikipedia lists a number of issues expressed by the author without proper references to works that justify the same (Wikipedia, 2018). In this respect, it becomes superior to the latter as Wikipedia relies on information published by individuals. Furthermore, journal articles are always reviewed by peer members of the same field before publishing thus drawing much trust as opposed to Wikipedia which relies on the information obtained by individuals and fostered by the rest regardless of their experience and education (Kear, 2012). The use of credible sources is efficient in my professional field as it guarantees success and authenticity of a study. Besides, it gives me the confidence to always revert to it as well as allowing others use my information to carry further reading on the same. Professionals do things in the right way and so is the use of credible source as opposed to the short cut of obtaining information from non-peer reviewed sources. The information obtained would assist me in carrying out professional work and obtaining practical results in the study. References Mukherji, P., Albon, D. (2018). Research methods in early childhood: An introductory guide. Sage. Wikipedia(2018). "Virtual Schools". Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_school Braasch, J. L., Brten, I., McCrudden, M. T. (2018). Introduction to Research on Multiple Source Use. In Handbook of Multiple Source Use (pp. 13-26). Routledge. Bundy, A. (Ed.). (2014). Australian and New Zealand Literacy framework: principles, standards and practice. (2nd ed.). Retrieved from:https://www.utas.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/79068/anz-info-lit-policy.pdf Hewson, C., Stewart, D. W. (2016). Internet research methods. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Kear, K. (2012). 'Collaboration via online discussion forums: issues and approaches'. In H.M, Donelan, K.L, Kear, M.A., Ramage, (eds.), Online communication and collaboration: A reader. EBL ebook library. Retrieved from https://SWIN.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=987934 Metzger,M.J. (2007). Making sense of credibility on the Web: Models for evaluating online information and recommendations for future research - Metzger - 2007 - Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology - Wiley Online Library. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/asi.20672(Metzger, 2007) Reliable Research: How to Determine If a Source is Credible Accurate - Video Lesson Transcript | Study.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/reliable-research-how-to-determine-if-a-source-is-credible-accurate.html VARDI,I. (2012, December 4). Developing students' referencing skills: a matter of plagiarism, punishment and morality or of learning to write critically? Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2012.673120 Weaver,D. (2010). Plagiarism man | Swinburne Commons. Retrieved from https://commons.swinburne.edu.au/items/58fd145f-9b9a-4751-b836-71306e1e6744/1/

Youth Protest In Vietnam War Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

Youth Protest In Vietnam War Youth Protest of the Vietnam War In 1961 president Kennedy decided to send American troops to Vietnam to stop the spread of Communism and to show the United States' strength of resolve. At the time he did not know the turmoil he would bring to his own country. The United States was split between those who believed it was our part to get involved in Vietnam and those who thought it was none of our business. As the war continued people's opinions intensified, especially student's. Youth protests during the 1960's changed the way many Americans viewed the Vietnam War. In the early 1960's protests first became a way of change for the civil rights movement. Then as men started going off to war it became a way of displaying activism. Liberal cities with big universities were the first to experience the antiwar movement. The cities of Ann Arbor, Bloomington, Chicago, East Lansing, Lawrence, Madison, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis saw the movement in full effect (Anderson 4-5). Some people believed that the protesters were a disgrace for betraying their own country (Dudley 83). Teach-ins became a way of educating students about what was really happening in Vietnam. Speeches, songs, discussions, and seminars helped get the students involved at the teach-ins. After the first teach in occurred on March 24, 1965, at the University of Michigan, hundreds more started taking place within a few weeks. All the administration could do was to send for government officials called truth teams. When that did not work, the government realized they should not reveal their policies to the public (Dougan and Weiss 87-88). The students from the University of California at Berkely felt like a minority when no one took them seriously at their campus demonstration in September 1965 because of their long hair and ragged clothes (Kent 74). Many youth joined organizations that were against the war. They would go to protests such as the one that took place on April 17, 1965. The 20,000 protesters that were present in Washington that day showed how the peace movement was growing. A few days later, thirty-three antiwar organizations came together to form the National Coordinating Committee To End the War in Vietnam. Another group, Vietnam Day Committee, attempted to stop troop trains but were unsuccessful. Both groups joined together to lead demonstrations in ninety-three cities, in what was called the International Days of Protest (Dougan and Weiss). The International Days of Protest that took place on October 15 and 16 in 1965 included 100,000 activists that participated not only in the cities but on college campuses as well. The way of protest in each of these places varied. In Madison, eleven people were arrested when they tried to make a citizen's arrest on a commander of a local air force base by accusing him of war crimes. At a University of Colorado football game, students flashed antiwar slogans to the fans at halftime. Students in Michigan held a 48 hour peace vigil and also picketed the local draft board. New York had a parade in which 20,000 people were involved in and a speak out that 300 people attended at New York's arms induction center (Anderson 141). The Students for a Democratic Society was one of the best known and largest organizations. With Tom Hayden, from the University of Michigan, as their president and spokesman, many people who were activists in or out of the group were inspired. The members said that college students can change society by acting against racism, nuclear weapons, and other wrong doings (Dudley 118-19). The Students for a Democratic Society usually were a nonviolent group, until 1968 when the Weatherman Faction, a group of radicals, started a terrorist campaign against the United States government. In October they bombed a CIA building, an army recruiting office, and a couple of police stations (Hoskyns 189). That was not the only time activists and protests got violent. A riot broke out in Chicago at the National Democratic Convention. The police and 7.5 thousand United States troops attacked the demonstrators (Hoskyns 189). In the following years the number of violent protests increased. Trying to escape the draft became an organized action (Hoskyns 187). At the Whitehall Street

Rudy Giuliani NYs Superman essays

Rudy Giuliani NY's Superman essays Hard on the heels of the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center Mayor Rudolph William Giuliani with his political career as the Mayor of New York endured his share of debacles, including an ill-fated attempt to block "objectionable" art from local museums, and widespread charges of police brutality. And many New Yorkers criticized him for being far to extreme. But, his excellence towards unwavering commitment towards humane feelings and beliefs that he dispelled that over the years. In a city of over seven and half million belonging to varied ethnic groups, this Mayor of New York out dueled many of the insiders and Democrats by reinventing his focus towards the quality-of-life issues resulted in tangible achievements for the Capital of the World. "There is no more eloquent testimony to the mindlessness of term limits than the performance of Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani during this time of crisis," one Maryland resident wrote to the New York Times. (Jessica Reeves. 2001[ ]) Giulianis major political feats were innumerable but it was his political role in reducing crime within New York that made him a courageous political legend within American politics. Time prevails and Rudy, with his political accomplishments downsized the crime-ratio of the city, which once was generally accepted as the most ungovernable states. Rudy defied and disagreed to the premonition and by the time when he left his office; New York was indeed the safest of all the metros in the USA. As Rudy stated, Tragedy is, after all, one of the best platforms for campaigns and Guilianis political performance proved him true to all entirety. (Deroy Murdock 1999[ ]) Ironically, the strategic efforts initiated and implemented by Giuliani by the name Broken Window proved to a successful step. It was an ambitious program aimed to specifically address the criminal goings-on related to domestic violence, police corruption, youth crime, ...

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Novel - Essay Example However, some ideas of afterlife are based on the notion of rebirth. Other ideas believe in the existence of an afterlife where dead people reside in a supernatural environment determined by gods or other supernatural beings based on the activities and beliefs of the dead while they were still alive. With reference to the already existing afterlife, this paper aims at presenting a creativity based new afterlife idea. It is a common notion that afterlife always comes in the form of a punishment or reward for the things that people do during their lifetime. This afterlife idea is based on the things that people do during the time when they still live (Sebold 89). The things that people do when they are alive are always a matter of choices. Some people choose to do good while other chooses to do evil or bad. It will seem unfair for those people who choose to do bad things to be treated in the same way that those who always did good are treated. If in any case life would completely end at death, then the two types of human beings would be absolutely the same (Coward and Coward 101). However, this idea of afterlife seeks to reward those people who did good during their lifetime while making sure that those who did wrong would always be denied the benefits that those who do good get. This idea of an afterlife has its basis on social classes and rebirth. Social class is a very influential thing in human life. Therefore, being in a higher social class will definitely make the life of the individual seem better (Zevin 90). On the other hand, when someone’s social class is lowered they will definitely live a lifestyle that is less comfortable when compared with the type of lifestyle that they used to live before. Social class in the idea is used to either reward good deeds during lifetime or punish bad ones during the same period. Social class refers to the hierarchical and the categorical classification of human beings in the society. The most

Human Resources Management Pay for Performance at Dee's Personalized Case Study

Human Resources Management Pay for Performance at Dee's Personalized Baskets - Case Study Example The company needs to analyze following determinants before designing any PFP model. Employees value outcome of their effort in terms of monetary benefit and other recognition Monetary outcome is more valued than any other kind of recognition Performance level expected by the company must be measurable Performance measurement must synchronize with strategic goal of the company Reward must be tempting enough to motivate workers It is evident from the case study size of the organization is not big hence measuring performance of each employee is possible hence the company should adopt individual level PFP system. Merit pay plan and incentive system will complement individual level PFP program. In merit pay plan payment is done as certain percentage of base salary and distributed in top down approach. Research report shows that workers prefer merit pay plan over straight fixed salary. Merit pay plan helps the employee to assume that employer has recognized his/her performance. The company should adopt the system for all employees. Incentive schemes can be applied to all employees of the company. The company can use incentive scheme rigorously to improve performance of sales team. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) model can be used to design PFP system for the company (Parmenter, 2011, p. 3-15). KPI will help the company to identify key performers responsible to increase sales and based on appraisal the company can decide salary structure for key performers. Dee’s Personalized Baskets should introduce performance based incentives for all the employees to motivate them to perform well. The company needs two types of additional information to build effective PFP model (Bernardin & Russell, 2013, p. 753). It is evident from the case that the company is lacking in creating sustainable performance standard and appraisal system. The company should try to design a consistent incentives system to fulfill expectancy of employees (Kreitner & Kinick, 2013, p. 222). Externa l information (industry average for incentives and salary structure and how much competitors are paying to their staffs). Internal data (annual performance report for employees). PFP system of the company needs to address following issues. Annual bonus system not tied with base salary. Bonus pay level should be adjusted to 0% to 20% for non supervisory personnel and 20% to 40% to supervisory personnel. Forced distribution should be used for performance appraisal. Proper alignment between job designation and performance measurement. Designing annual merit pay program for major achievement Key performance indicator should be integrated in the system to monitor performance of employees and KPI should be used improve performance on monthly basis. Answer 2 Gain sharing is the process of sharing financial benefits of increased productivity or cost reduction with employees. Gain sharing plans aim to reduce level of human resource pool required to produce certain output or increase producti vity from existing human resource pool. Research suggests that maximum effectiveness of gain sharing can be achieved by 1- cooperative union, 2- utmost faith between employee and employer, 3- participation of worker and management to achieve common organizational goal. Research scholars believe measuring gain sharing is difficult because involvement of complex financial

Impact of Management on Organizations Term Paper

Impact of Management on Organizations - Term Paper Example This paper is an attempt to explore the various dimensions and dynamics of the impact of management on organizations. Whether positive or negative and internal or external, the paper will critically analyze this impact. During this discussion, this paper will touch various sub topics under the umbrella of such as strategic management, leadership, and managing change. Body/Discussion Before even initiating the discussion about management and its impact on organizations, it is imperative to present the basic idea and definition of management. According to its definition, management refers to the process of achieving organizational goals and objectives effectively and efficiently by engaging in â€Å"the major functions of management, which are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling†. Planning is â€Å"the process of setting goals and deciding on the best possible methods of achieving them† (Hamel & Breen, 2007). Without goals, objectives, and targets, management cannot even exist. The first task of management is to set a vision and create objectives about what the organization intends to achieve and how it intends to achieve the same (Daft & Lane, 2009). Consider the example of Whirlpool, a Fortune 500 company which is celebrating its 100 birthday this current year, to understand the importance of planning as the function of management and its impact on the overall organization. The overall objective of the company, during the 1990s was to achieve the best possible performance in delivering the shareholder value. The company went on to define that as achieving the target of revenues of 15 billion US dollars annually from their existing level of 7 billion US dollars (Hamel & Breen, 2007). Whirlpool and its executives and managers knew that this is an imper ative yet difficult task and something had to done effectively in order to achieve this target. The company initiated intensive efforts to understand the needs, wants, demands, expectations, ideas, and thoughts of the customers so that the company could introduce the best possible products, which are in line with the needs of the